Università Bocconi Milano | Grafton Architects | 2008 |

ArchiseekArchiseek.com is an Irish architecture website covering interesting and important buildings from the past as well as latest developments and news.–Archiseek

Architects an alphabetical directory of architects, planning consultants and urban designers, working within the construction industry on residential, industrial, commercial, medical, public and urban architecture. – Irish Building Industry

Ireland Archive Noteworthy buildings in Ireland with photos, architects, year of completion and detailed descriptiona, from Medieval times to the present. –Archiseek

photo credit: ingridbd some rights reserved.

Architecture Ireland Architecture IrelandArchitecture Ireland is the Official Journal of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland founded in 1839, is the governing body of the profession in Ireland. – Architecture Now

The ecclesiastical architecture of Ireland, anterior to the Anglo-Norman invasion comprising an essay on the origin and uses of the round towers of Ireland. The Towers are of Christian and ecclesiastical origin, and were erected at various periods between the fifth and thirteenth centuries. They were designed to answer, at least, a twofold use,
namely, to serve as belfries, and as keeps, or places of strength, in which the sacred utensils, books, relics, and other valuables were deposited, and into which the ecclesiastics, to whom they belonged, could retire for security in cases of sudden predatory attack.– archive.org

Architecture of CorkThis guide to the architecture of Cork includes information on both new and old buildings. – Colin Manning

Buildings of Ireland The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. –Buildings of Ireland.com

Historic Irish Castles A guide to the historic Castles of Ireland. – Ireland’s Eye

Irish Architectural ArchiveThe Irish Architectural Archive was established in 1976 to collect and preserve material of every kind relating to the architecture of the entire island of Ireland, and make it available to the public. –Irish Architectural Archive

Università Bocconi Milano| Grafton Architects | 2008

Buildings of Ireland The NIAH is a section within the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. The work of the NIAH involves identifying and recording the architectural heritage of Ireland, from 1700 to the present day – Buildings of Ireland : National Inventory of Architectural Heritage

photo credit: ingridbd some rights reserved.

Irish Art DecoMainly art deco architecture, with a little of the international style as built in Ireland. There are lots of photos of some of the remaining art deco buildings and of some buildings that have now vanished. – Art Deco Ireland

Dublin Art DecoA Georgian city in large measure, with many more recent desecrations added to it. Dublin never had many buildings in the art deco style. There are still a few art deco or moderne style buildings here. – Art Deco Ireland

Vitrolite – art deco materialis a patented form of architectural sheet glass introduced during the 1930s. Once reasonably common on certain shop facades, where the smooth, easy to clean, surface made it popular with pharmacies and with food establishments in particular, it has now become very rare in Ireland – Art Deco Ireland

The Dictionary of Irish Architects contains biographical and bibliographical information on architects, builders and craftsmen born or working in Ireland during the period 1720 to 1940, and information on the buildings on which they worked. This biographical index of architects, builders and craftsmen was created and compiled by Ann Martha Rowan of the Irish Architectural Archive. – The Dictionary of Irish Architects

Early Irish MonasteriesIncluding Overview, Bibliography, Distribution Map, Pictures, Plans, and Illustrations, and Related Links. – Sean Bergin, Notre Dame. Archeology of Ireland

Irish Lighthouses Photographs of Irish lighthouses and beacons divided into regions. Online List of Lights

Irish Architecture Awards
Awards under various categories given from 1991 until the present. With slide shows.
– Irish Architecture Awards

RIAI Triennial Gold Medal
Irish Architecture Gallery RIAI Triennial Gold Medal from 1932
The Irish Architecture Gallery also includes
RIAI Medal for Housing
from 1953.

RIAI Medal for Conservation
from 1977

RIAI Medal for Restoration
from 1976

Smithfield
The Smithfield Area of Dublin, including St Michan’s Church, Smithfield Village, Smithfield Plaza,
Smithfield Market Archaeological Excavations. Part of the Archeire site

See you at the Pillar vintage video newsreel film of Dublin from the 1960s. –British Pathé

Dublin Bridges Liffey bridges from Queen Maeve’s Bridge, built in 1764, to Samuel Beckett Bridge, designed by Calatrava and opened in 2009. –Archiseek

Irish Film Institute Dublin

Ardmore Studios From ’60s classics like The Lion in Winter and The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, and recent action adventures, including The Count of Monte Cristo, Reign of Fire and King Arthur to modern day Oscar winners such as Braveheart and My Left Foot, Ardmore Studios has long been established as Ireland’s leading film and television production centre. – Ardmore Studios

photo credit: Uggboy some rights reserved.

Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act 1925The full act, at BAILII, where you can find an archive of British and Irish case law & legislation. – Bailii.org

Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act 1930 Bailii.org

Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act 1970 – Bailii.org

Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act 1992 –Bailii.org

Bob Quinn His films include Poitín (the first feature film in the Irish language), Atlantean Quartet, which includes seminal documentaries on Ireland’s maritime relationship with the Orient, and the musical connection between the Irish and the Tatars. Lament for Art O Leary, Vox Humana, Budawanny (a ‘silent movie’), and Cloch. – Conamara.org

Cork Film Festival Established in 1956, CFF is an eclectic mix of big budget pictures, world cinema, innovative independent films, documentaries and short films from all over the globe and is a major showcase for Irish film production. – Cork Film Festival

IFTN the most comprehensive news service and directory for the Irish Film and Television industry. – IFTN

Irish Filmography The IFTN Filmography section is an extensive archive of information on films related to or filmed in Ireland. – IFTN

Irish Film and TV Directors The who’s who of Irish film and TV directors and companies, with biographies and filmographies. – IFTN

Irish Film Board Bord Scannán na hÉireann/the Irish Film Board (IFB) is the national development agency for the Irish film industry investing in talent, creativity and enterprise. Irish Film Board

Filmbase is a not-for-profit resource centre for filmmakers. Our building on Curved Street, in the heart of Dublin’s Temple Bar, is a public space where filmmakers can network, hire filmmaking equipment, take training courses and receive support and information about working within the Irish film industry. Filmbase also publishes the cultural magazine Film Ireland and administers a number of film and documentary production award schemes. – Filmbase

Interviews With Irish Women Filmmakers, Chapter Two from an unpublished monograph by Megan Sullivan (1999), an interview with Pat Murphy, director of Nora and Ann Devlin. – Conflict Archive on the INternet

Loopline Film Loopline specialises in documentaries, drama and archive restoration. – Loopline Film

UCD Centre for Film Studies Film Studies has long been an important subject of study within the Critical Humanities. A Centre for Film Studies was established in 1992 on the initiative of actor Gregory Peck, film producer Noel Pearson, former UCD President Dr Patrick Masterson and UCD Professors Andrew Carpenter and Richard Kearney. UCD School of English, Drama & Film

Irish Film Institute Dublin

Neil JordanNeil Jordan’s website. NB it hasn’t been updated for some time. see also interview with Walter Chawsee also Jordan Biography at IFTN

Paddy Breathnach Paddy Breathnach co-founded Treasure Films with Robert Walpole in 1992. In the intervening time Breathnach (director) and Walpole (producer) have completed numerous projects including shorts, TV series, documentaries and award-winning features, including I Went Down. – IFTN

Pat O’Connor was born in Ardmore, County Waterford, in 1944. He studied film in UCLA and Toronto and worked for many years in television as a director of serials and one-off dramas. O’Connor’s critical breakthrough came in 1982 with the television film The Ballroom of Romance, an adaptation of a short story by William Trevor. His subsequent films include Dancing at Lughnasa. – Irish Film and TV Research Online

Pat Murphy made her first short film, Rituals of Memory in 1977, establishing with this an interest in exploring women’s histories and alternative models of representation. Her first feature, Maeve, was co-directed with John Davies but contains many of the themes that recur throughout her filmmaking practice. This was followed by Anne Devlin, a film based on the real life ‘housekeeper’ who fronted for Robert Emmet’s failed rebellion of 1803 and was imprisoned with her family as a consequence. – Irish Film and TV Research Online

Cillian Murphy was born in 1976 in Douglas, County Cork. Equally at home as a stage and film actor, he made his film feature debut in the 1998 film Sweety Barrett. His subsequent films include John Carney’s On the Edge, Kirsten Sheridan’s Disco Pigs, Neil Jordan’s Breakfast on Pluto, Ken Loach’s The Wind that Shakes the Barley, Girl With a Pearl Earring and Batman Begins. – Fandango

Screen Directors Guild of Ireland Established in 2000, the Screen Directors Guild of Ireland (SDGI) is the representative body for Directors involved in the Irish and international audiovisual industry. These include Directors of feature films, fiction, animation documentary, television drama, short films, video art and commericals. – Screen Directors Guild of Ireland

Irish Film & Television Biographies Irish Film & Television Biographies (in progress) is a constituent element of the Irish Film & TV Research Online website. Like the other areas of this site, the bilbiography is based in the School of Drama, Film and Music, Trinity College Dublin. Biographies covers the history of both cinema and television in Ireland and includes entries for those who have worked on Irish-theme films made outside the country. It features actors, writers, directors, cinematographers, and other film and television industry personnel. Editors: Dr. Ruth Barton, Professor Kevin Rockett. – Irish Film & TV Research Online

The Irish Film Board Bord Scannán na hÉireann/the Irish Film Board is Ireland’s national film agency. – The Irish Film Board

FilmmakersNetwork.ie forum is an Irish networking space for people who want to make films. For everyone from novices to busy professionals, it’s a place to make contacts, share opinions, discuss movies, contribute ideas, discover talent, build creative relationships and make films. – FilmmakersNetwork

Film Ireland Magazine Film Ireland magazine is published bi-monthly by Filmbase centre for film and video. – Film Ireland Magazine
Ireland Online Film The aim of the project ONLINEFILM.org and our partners is to create a legal distribution platform for the low-cost marketing and selling of European films via the internet in Europe and the whole world. – Ireland Online Film

Saoirse Irish Dance Troupe

Popular Selections from O’Neill’s Dance Music of Ireland double jigs; single jigs; hop or slip jigs; reels ; hornpipes and long dances, arranged by Selena A. O’Neill. Published by Request of The Gaelic Junior Dancing Clubs of Chicago, USA. Based on the works of Captain Francis O’Neill. –archive.org

The history of Irish Dance The early history of Irish dance reveals a constant shifting of population through migration and invasions. Each of these peoples brought their preferred types of dance and music. There are only vague references to the early history of Irish dancing, but there is evidence that among its first practitioners were the Druids, who danced in religious rituals honouring the oak tree and the sun. – Ireland’s Eye

photo credit: Jos Dielis some rights reserved.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=–T-aaBaWp8

From: rte youtube channel | Mar 11, 2011 |
Watch the trailer for the forthcoming film ‘Jig’ about the competitive world of Irish Dancing.

A Brief History of Irish Stepdancing Historical information taken from the book A handbook of Irish dances : with an essay on their origin and history by J.C. O’Keeffe and Art O’Brien. Dublin : O’Donochue, 1902. – Ireland’s Eye

Dancing costumesThe dress of some of the set dancers of today reminds us of the dance at cross-roads in bygone days. The boy would normally have been a farmer’s son dressed in his Sunday best, high-buttoned waistcoat which showed off his cravat, knee breeches and brogues.Most women in Ireland would have gone barefoot until over a century ago, and this gave them a grace and bearing which today’s dancers still strive to achieve. – Ireland’s Eye

A Short History of Irish Céilí DancingIn the early part of the 1500s, the round or group dances comprised country and figure dances based on the solo reel or jig. The Rince Fada and the Rince Mór are two of those. Also The Reel of Three, The Common Reel, The Hey and The Trenchmor. These appear to have been the first of what would nowadays be described as céilí dances. Kathleen Moffatt at Cairde Rince Céilí na hÉireann (Comóradh an Chéid) Céilí Dancing

Ceol Rince na hÉireann As a collection of Irish traditional dance music Ceol Rince na hÉireann is one of the most important of its kind. The original notes and musicians’ details were in the Irish language, and here is presented for the first time a translation of these notes by Paul de Grae. – Nigel Gatherer

Ryan’s Mammoth Collection Ryan’s Mammoth Collection was published in Boston in 1883, containing 1050 reels, jigs, hornpipes, strathspeys, etc. In 1940 it was repackaged and marketed as Cole’s 1000 Fiddle Tunes (also known as The Fiddler’s Bible). Finally, in 1995 it was once again published, this time reverting to the Ryan’s Mammoth title. Whichever form it has taken, this collection has been an invaluable store of tunes for countless fiddlers and other musicians, and it is a remarkable snapshot of the repertoire of 19th century America. – Nigel Gatherer

Riverdance The Show Weaving ancient Celtic mythology and Irish history this section takes you through Riverdance in detail, revealing the meaning and motivation of each scene, its music and choreography. – Riverdance

Brooks Academy is the name of a group of set-dancers based at the premises of Na Píobairí Uilleann (The Pipers’ Club) in Dublin’s Henrietta Street. It was founded in 1982 by club members Terry and Kay Moylan and Jerry O’Reilly and Anne O’Reilly. From a beginning with just one set of dancers meeting once a week, it has grown to its present membership of around two hundred, with three classes per week. – Set dance.com

Irish Set Dances Caledonian * Clare Lancers * Sliabh Lucra * Baile Bhuirne Jig Set * Plain Set * Kerry Set * Cashel Set – Set dance.com

The Public Dancehalls Act 1935 The Public Dance Halls Act was enacted by the Irish Government in 1935.It is believed to have been a significant factor in the decline of traditional music in rural Ireland, particularly the decline of house dances and crossroads dances. – Set Dance.com

The Public Dancehalls Act 1935 AN ACT TO MAKE PROVISION FOR THE LICENSING, CONTROL, AND SUPERVISION OF PLACES USED FOR PUBLIC DANCING, AND TO MAKE PROVISION FOR OTHER MATTERS CONNECTED WITH THE MATTERS AFORESAID. [19th February, 1935.] – Acts of the Oireachtas

Eileen Grey Brochure

Design for Industry the Industrial Design Consultancy and Product Design in the Republic of Ireland, by Dr. Paul Caffrey. –Circa Art Magazine.

Design History in Ireland
In assessing Design History in Ireland, it is necessary to trace its origins. by Lisa Godson. A CIRCA 89 Art Education Supplement –Circa Art Magazine.

photo credit: Robert Barney some rights reserved.

Creative Ireland
Creative Ireland is the online home for the creative Irish design community.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBxcYZ7xQE4

Vivid video on Gray’s work from xyzllii’s Channel

Eileen Gray – Design Museum
Neglected for most of her career, EILEEN GRAY (1878-1976) is now regarded as one of the most important furniture designers and architects of the early 20th century and the most influential woman in those fields. Her work inspired both modernism and Art Deco. In the August 1917 issue of British Vogue magazine a writer described the work of Miss Gray, a lacquer artist who had fled her home in Paris to seek refuge in London during World War I. “Influenced by the modernists is Miss Gray’s art, so they say,” it began. “But is it not rather that she stands alone, unique, the champion of a singularly free method of expression.” – Design Museum.

Eileen Gray: E-1027, Roquebrune Cap MartinLe Corbusier, arguably the greatest architect of the 20th century, was obsessed and haunted by E-1027, the seaside villa Eileen Gray built at Roquebrune Cap Martin in 1929. Text by Shane O’Toole. Part of the Archeire site.

Eileen Grey Brochure

Earliest Currency in Ireland
Celtic Exchange and Ring Money, Greek and Roman Influence, Coinage for External Trade. Part of the
Irish Coinage website
also at Irish Coinage
Irish Hammered Coinage c 960 – 1660
Hiberno-Norse Coinage (~995 AD to ~1150 AD), John, as Lord and King (1180 to ~1210),
Henry III (1251 to 1254), Edward I (and III) 1276 to ~ 1302 (and 1339), Henry VI, Edward IV and Richard III (1425,1460-1483),
Richard III and Henry VII (1483 to 1507), The Tudors and James I (1508 to 1607), The Great Rebellion and the English Civil War (1640-1650)

photo credit: Robert Barney some rights reserved.

also at Irish Coinage
Irish Milled Coinage 1680-1822
Regal Copper under the Stuarts (1660-1688): Charles II 1660 – 1685, James II – 1685-1688,
Gunmoney (1689 – 1690), Limerick and other Civil War Issues, William and Mary (1692 – 1694),
William III (1696), William Wood and his coinage (1722-1724), George II regal copper (1736-1760),
Voce Populi Coinage (1760), George III regal copper (1766-1782),Bank Tokens and Soho Coppers (1804-1813),
George IV regal copper (1822-1823)

also at Irish Coinage
Modern Irish Coinage 1928 to date
Introduction, The Designs 1928-1969, The Denominations 1928 – 1969, The Ten Shilling Piece, The 1943 rarities,
Decimalisation and Current Coinage (1969 to 2000), The Pound Coin

PIVOT Dublin tells our story about our design capacity and innate ability as Dubliners to design. PIVOT Dublin is a showcase for Irish designers at home and abroad. It’s an opportunity to focus on how the social, cultural and economic life of the city can grow through design. Dublin is bidding to be designated World Design Capital in 2014.– PIVOT Dublin

Traditional Boats of Ireland/Ár mBáid Dúchais. The Traditional Boats of Ireland Project is the result of a combined effort by Irish people who are passionate about the rich diversity of boat types throughout the country. This project is a by-product of a loosely affiliated group of individuals with a shared realisation that Ireland’s traditional boat types are rapidly disappearing. – Traditional Boats of IrelandProject

Part of The Irish Famine Memorial Boston

Achill Island History
there is evidence that Achill was inhabited as many as 5,000 years ago.

Co. Kildare Online Electronic History Journal An Electronic Journal for the publication of material relating to the history, archaeology and heritage of Co. Kildare. History and Family Research Centre (Local Studies, Genealogy and Archives) part of Kildare County Library & Arts Services

photo credit: debaird some rights reserved.

A Much Smaller Social History of Ireland
TREATING OF The Government, Military System, and Law; Religion, Learning, and Art; Trades, Industries, and Commerce; Manners, Customs, and Domestic Life, of the Ancient Irish People. P.W Joyce Accasbel’s Tir na nÓg site

BorderlandsThe Historical Sites of Ireland’s Eastern Border Region …Recent changes in the region now allow easy access to many wonderful historical sites scanning 6,000 years of history. Our area covers Newry & Mourne, Banbridge and Armagh in Northern Ireland and Louth and Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland. Borderlands

Notes on the Ancient History of the Kingdom of Kerry This was very probably a History of the McCarthys by the celebrated Charles O’Connor, author of the translation of Keating’s History of Ireland. It was not published. Clan McCarthy

Chronology of Ireland: Preparatory Material. Engels 1870 First Published: in German in Marx-Engels Archives Vol. X, Russ. ed., Moscow, 1948; Source: Marx and Engels on Ireland; Transcribed: by Andy Blunden. Marxist Internet Library

County Clare History
A variety of essays on the history of Clare, many by the Clare Local Studies Project, and including
The History and Topography of the County of Clare by James Frost.
Part of the Clare County Library site.

History of Brewing styles – history – beers and their history, compiled by Ron Pattinson. European Beer Guide

Ireland Old News
Newspaper abstracts, county by county, from as early as 1705 to mid-20th century.
Includes Irish Death Notice Index.
A list of contributors is here

Irish Battles
A list with dates. Reference.com.

Labour in Irish History, by James Connolly Written in the United States between 1903-10. First published in monthly installments in Workers Republic and in Labour in Irish History, Dublin, 1910. Marked-up for WW-BBS by the Workers’ Web project, 1998. Marxist.net

Chapters of Dublin History
The History of Dublin in words and pictures. This website contains a collection of historic books, maps, pictures, illustrations plus books to buy on both Irish History and Genealogy

Main Irish Archaeology and Historical Journals
compiled by Thaddeus C. Breen

Oygia: or, a chronological account of Irish events: collected from very ancient documents, faithfully compared with each other, and supported by the genealogical and chronological aid of the sacred and prophane writings of the first nations of the globe written originally in the Latin by Roderic O’Flaherty; translated by the Rev. James Hely. Published 1793 by printed by W. M’Kenzie in Dublin, 33 College Green. Vol. I.

Oygia: or, a chronological account of Irish events: Vol II archive.org

Part of The Irish Famine Memorial Boston

Hand of History – Burden of Pseudo-History This book presents a Celtic Royal complex, unprecedented in Ireland for its size and layout, but similar to Belgic Centres of Power, called oppida by Caesar, in SE England and on the Continent. It was centered on Turoe in Co. Galway, site of the famous Turoe Stone. No one has satisfactorily explained why this finest example of La Tene Celtic stone art in all of Europe was set on the summit of Turoe hill (Cnoc Temhro) in the wilds of the West of Ireland. Here its hitherto unrecognised Celtic Royal Sanctuary trappings at the centre of a vast Belgic-like oppidum defensive system of linear embankments and its surprising connection with the Celtic invasion of Ireland are unfolded. Including an extensive album of maps and photos – Tom O’Connor. Hand of History

Clothing in Early Ireland
A total of seventeen articles on Irish clothing, illustrated with diagrams and re-enactment photos, including The Invention of Drawstrings and Pleated Sleeves, A 16th Century Irish Linen Headdress, Proof against the Existence of an Irish Kilt, The Moy Gown – An Irish Medieval Gown, Dyeing with Real Saffron, The Carnamoyle Stockings –16thc Knit Wool Hose, The Shinrone Gown, An Léine Crioch, The Dungiven Costume, The Kilcommon Costume. – Reconstructing History.

Costume in Co Clare
A fascinating illustrated excerpt from Mairead Dunlevy’s book,
Dress in Ireland: a History, including loan words from Norse for clothing items, incorporated into Gaelic, and the influence of English, Spanish and Dutch fashion during the Renaissance. Part of the Clare Library site.

Early Irish Tribes, Septs and Clans
With a Special Focus on Ancient and Medieval Irish Tribes and Septs. A detailed explanation of both mythological tribes and historical septs and clans, and also explaining the origins of many contemporary Irish names.Two pages, . see also

Ireland History in Maps
from the Ice Ages to the Years of the Famine
see also
Early Irish History and Saga
People, Place, and Province: Cross-Referencing the Annals and Genealogies
Part of the Kilkenny Genealogy and History site

Encyclopedia of the Celts
The main purpose in compiling an encyclopedia of this kind is to give the reader access to a fragment of the contents of some of the greater and lesser know works of Celtic literature; including works of mythology, legend, fiction and history. Most of the entries include contributions by two or more author’s on the same subject, leaving the reader the opportunity to formulate his/her own conclusions about or interpretation of the matter described. – the late Knud Mariboe, compiler of the encyclopedia. Hosted by Steven A. Culbreath of the Celtic Grounds site

Part of The Irish Famine Memorial Boston

Foundations of Irish CultureA great deal that has been written about Irish culture in the period ad 600-850 has been touched by the Romantic views of the 19th century, which saw Ireland as a lone beacon of knowledge shining out during Europe’s ‘Dark Ages’. That view has been most recently expounded in the book by Thomas Cahill, How Ireland saved civilization (1995), which proposed to demonstrate how ‘the great heritage of western civilization … would have been utterly lost were it not for the holy men and women of the unconquered Ireland’. Moore Institute .

The early Irish monastic schools : a study of Ireland’s contribution to early medieval culture
The aim of the present study is to give within reasonable limits a critical and fairly complete account of the Irish Monastic Schools which flourished prior to 900 A.D. archive.org

Ireland 800-1166
Overview of early Medieval society, The Viking raids, Viking settlement, and the end of Viking power.
Also a select glossary of medieval Irish societal hierarchy. Part of Wikipedia.

Scandanavian Relations with Ireland During the Viking Period The Vikings made their first appearance on the Irish coasts in 795 a.d., when they plundered and burned the church on Recru, or Lambay Island, near Dubhn. During the next ten or twelve years Ireland seems to have been almost free from further attacks, but in 807 they descended on Inis Murray, off the Sligo coast, and from there made their way inland to Roscommon. A. Walsh, Dublin, The Talbot Press, Limited/London, T. Fisher Unwin, Limited, 1922. archive.org

The Vikings in Ireland
Viking raids on Ireland began in 795. Rathlin Island on the north east coast was attacked and in the same year Inishmurray, Co. Sligo and Inishbofin, Co. Galway were also raided. Later, the attacks became more frequent and fleets of Viking ships appeared on the major rivers such as the Shannon, Boyne, Liffey and the Erne.
The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde

The Battle of Clontarf in Irish history and legend The battle of Clontarf, fought on Good Friday (23 April) 1014, is one of the most famous events in Irish history. In this conflict the forces of the Munster over-king Brian Boru and his allies were pitched against the armies of north Leinster, Dublin, and viking mercenaries and allies from across the sea. –Clare Downham, ‘The Battle of Clontarf in Irish History and Legend’, History Ireland 13.5 (September/October2005) 19-23 History Ireland

Dervorgilla: scarlet woman or scapegoat? Dervorgilla was the daughter of Murchad Maelseaclainn (Ua Máelsechnaill), king of Meath (Mide), which was the fifth and richest province of Ireland, stretching from the sea at Drogheda to the Shannon and including the modern counties of Meath and Westmeath together with parts of Kildare, Offaly and Laois, – Jim Toohey volume 11, issue4, History Ireland History Ireland

Part of The Irish Famine Memorial Boston

Irish Hammered Coinage c.995-1660
The first locally produced Irish coinage was the so-called Hiberno-Norse coinage which was first minted in Dublin in about 995 AD under the authority of Sithric III (aka Sithric Silkbeard), the Norse king of Dublin. Irish Coinage

photo credit: debaird some rights reserved.

Tales of Medieval Dublin a lunchtime lecture series exploring the lives of seven different and fascinating inhabitants of Medieval Dublin. The lectures are themed around the tales of individuals from Dublin’s history including an early abbot, a Viking skeleton, a Dublin merchant, an outlaw, a heretic, a wife and a knight. Hosted by The Friends of Medieval Dublin and Dublin City Council the series is now online. The Dublin City Public Libraries, Dublin Heritage

The Bull of Pope Adrian
The text of The Bull of Pope Adrian IV Empowering Henry II to Conquer Ireland. A.D. 1155. Source:
Henderson, Ernest F. Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. London : George Bell and Sons, 1896. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School

Strongbow’s Conquest of Ireland Translations from the works of Gerald of Barri, Roger of Howden, Benedict of Peterborough (Richard Fitz-Neal), William of Newbury, Ralph of Dissay, Robert of St. Michael’s Mount, Gervase of Canterbury, Ralph Niger, and Gervase of Tilbury, The Archives of Dublin, The Annals of Boyle, The Anglo-Norman Poem on the Conquest known as “Regan,” and Extracts from 0’Donovan’s versions of the Annals of the Four Masters and of the Annals of Innisfallen, Hennessy’s version of the Annals of Loch Cé, Mageoghegan’s version of the Annals of Clonmacnoise, an English rendering of the Annals of Ulster, Carew’s Prose Abstract of “Regan,” and other contemporary records. archive.org

Medieval Irish Plea Rolls
This is an online version of the article The medieval Irish plea rolls – an introduction, by Philomena Connolly. The complete printed version with illustrative examples of the document types mentioned, appears in Irish Archives, the Journal of the Irish Society for Archives, Spring 1995. The National Archives

Part of The Irish Famine Memorial Boston

The Irish Chancery Rolls ProjectThe Irish Chancery Project is an IRCHSS-funded thematic project that seeks to advance our understanding of the ‘making of Ireland‘ between the high Middle Ages and the dawn of the modern era – one of the most formative periods in Ireland’s past – by publishing on the web and in print an English calendar of the rolls of the medieval Irish chancery, c.1216–1509. In 2011, the project investigators will launch a web-based calendar (in English) of the Irish chancery rolls –
TCD

Earl of Desmond Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond (c. 1533 – 11 November 1583) was leader of the Desmond Rebellions of 1579. He was the son of James FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond, by his second wife More O’Carroll. – Wikipedia

photo credit: debaird some rights reserved.

Pirate Queen Grace O’Malley Biographical timeline of the life of Granuaule (Grace O’Malley) 1530-1603 by her biographer –Anne Chambers.

Battle of Glenmalure Gaelic clans from the Wicklow Mountains led by Fiach MacHugh O’Byrne and James Eustace, Viscount Baltinglas of the Pale, defeated an English army under Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton, at the O’Byrne’s mountain stronghold of Glenmalure.

A View of the present State of Ireland. Edmund Spenser, 1596 BUT if that country of Ireland whence you lately came, be so goodly and commodious a soyle as you report, I wounder that no course is taken for the tourning therof to good uses, and reducing that salvage nation to better goverment and civillity. This edition is based on the HTML text in Renascence Editions published by Richard Bear (Rrbear@oregon.uoregon.edu) and copyrighted at the University of Oregon, January 1997. It is reproduced here with Richard Bear’s kind permission.– CELT

Shane O’Neill Seán Ó Néill (c. 1530 – June 2, 1567; known in English as Shane O’Neill, also as Shane the Proud) was an chief of the O’Neill clan of Ulster in the mid 16th century. His career was marked by his ambition to be The O’Neill – chief of the O’Neills. –Wikipedia

Shane O’Neill (1547-1567) The earl’s eldest legitimate son Shane, afterwards well known by the name of Shane-an-diomais or John the Proud, was a mere boy when Matthew was made baron. But now that he was come of age and understood his position, he claimed the right to be his father’’s heir and to succeed to the earldom, alleging that Matthew was not an O’Neill at all. From A Concise History of Ireland by P. W. Joyce. – Library Ireland

Red Hugh O’Donnell Aodh Ruadh Uî Domhnaill in Irish) (1572 – 10 September 1602) was Prince of Tyrconnell, who led a rebellion against English government in Ireland from 1593 and helped to lead the Nine Years War, a revolt against English occupation, from 1595 to 1603. – Wikipedia

Red Hugh O’Donnell
From A Concise History of Ireland by P. W. Joyce. – Library Ireland

Nine Years War (Irish: Cogadh na Naoi mBliana) took place from 1594 to 1603 and is also known as Tyrone’s Rebellion. It was fought between the forces of Gaelic Irish chieftains Hugh O’Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, Hugh Roe O’Donnell and their allies, against the Elizabethan English government of Ireland. –Wikipedia

The life and times of Aodh O’Neill, prince of UlsterUnhappily, we know but little of Hugh O’Neill’s early life ; except that he lived sometimes in Ireland, but much frequented the English court; in his own country an Irish chief, in London a courtly nobleman; that he was high in favour with Elizabeth, being a youth of goodly presence and winning speech; that he was not very tall in stature, but powerfully made, able to endure much labour, watching, and hunger; that ’his industry was great, his soul large, and fit for the weightiest businesses’ – that he ’had much knowledge in military affairs, and a profound dissembling heart; so as many deemed him born either for the great good or ill of his country. – archive.org

Hugh O’Neill’s War Aims –CELT

Nine Years War:The Battle of the Yellow FordIt was a shaken and demoralized English column that returned to its northern Irish base at Newry on the evening of May 28, 1595. On May 25, the 1,750-man force, under the command of Marshal Sir Henry Bagenal, had set out to resupply the besieged garrison at Monaghan castle some 20 miles to the west. Nominally, the Irish rebels investing the castle were led by Hugh Roe (or Red Hugh) O’Donnell, but rumor had it that they were actually being commanded by the Anglicized Irish lord on whom the English had counted to assist them against O’Donnell – Hugh O’Neill, the second Earl of Tyrone. –HistoryNet

State Papers, Ireland, Elizabeth, 1588, August–1592, September The period of which this Volume treats is from August 1588 to September 1592. The last concluded just as the arrival of the Spanish fleet off the Lizard was announced, and this commences with full details of the disasters which befell the retreating Spaniards along all the west coast of Ireland, from the Giant’s Causeway to Cape Clear, “where the ocean sea raiseth such a billow as can hardly be endured by the greatest ships.”–archive.org

Part of The Irish Famine Memorial Boston

Calendar of The State Papers Relating to Ireland in the Reign of Elizabeth, 1 November, 1600– 31 July, 1601 The papers calendared in this volume continue the story of Mountjoy’s government for the nine months between 1 November, 1600, and 31 July, 1601. A few weeks after the latter date, the long-expected Spaniards arrived at Kinsale, and the final struggle began by which Ireland was for ever annexed to England. The papers deal in the main with the “journeys” of the Lord Deputy into Ulster and Leinster, with the strengthening and establishment of the English garrisons at Lough Foyle, and with the pacification of Munster. –archive.org

photo credit: debaird some rights reserved.

The Siege of Kinsalewas the ultimate battle in England’s conquest of Gaelic Ireland. It took place during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, at the climax of the Nine Years War – a rebellion of Hugh O’Neill, Earl of Tyrone, Hugh Roe O’Donnell and other Irish clan leaders against English rule. Owing to Spanish involvement, and the strategic advantages to be gained, the battle also formed part of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604), the wider conflict of Protestant England against Catholic Spain.– Wikipedia

The Siege and Battle of KinsaleOn the 23d of September, 1601, a Spanish fleet entered the harbour of Kinsale with 3,400 troops under the command of Don Juan del Aguila. They immediately took possession of the town: and Del Aguila despatched a message to Ulster to O’Neill and O’Donnell to come south without delay. From A Concise History of Ireland by P. W. Joyce. – Library Ireland

Carriganass Castle The history of the castle records the fortunes of the O’Sullivan Beare Chieftains and traces the decline of the old Gaelic aristocracy through the Desmond Rebellion, The Munster Plantation, The Battle of Kinsale and the Flight of the Earls. – Carriganass Castle website

The Retreat of O’Sullivan Beare (1603)
After the capture of Dunboy, Donall O’Sullivan the lord of Beare and Bantry had no home; and finding that he could no longer maintain himself and his followers where he was, he resolved to bid farewell to the land of his inheritance and seek a refuge in Ulster. On the last day of the year 1602 he set out from Glengarriff on his memorable retreat, with 400 fighting men, and 600 women, children, and servants. The march was one unbroken scene of conflict and hardship. –Library Ireland

March 1603: The Treaty of Mellifont. Mountjoy received O’Neill’s submission here on the 29th march 1603. O’Neill knelt before the Deputy and pleaded pardon for his actions and swore to be loyal to the crown and not seek further assistance from foreign powers. He was granted pardon and was restored as the Earl of Tyrone. During the negotiations many points were discussed including the contentious issue of religious tolerance. –Flight of the Earls

The Flight of the Earls The Flight of the Earls by Tadhg Ó Cianáin, edited from the author’s manuscript, with translation and notes. Paul Walsh (ed), First edition [xx + 268 pages] St. Patrick’s College Maynooth (1916). – CELT (at UCC)

The Flight of the EarlsOn the 14th September 1607, a group of Ireland’s noble elite left from Donegal to find refuge in Europe and seek assistance for their cause in Ireland. They would never return. This episode in Irish history would become known as ‘Imeacht na nIarlai’ / the Flight of the Earls. It marked the end of an ancient Irish order that had survived over 1000 years and made way for the Plantation of Ulster. Note: under Resources is a link to History Ireland – The Flight of the Earls Special Issue
– Flight of the Earls Imeacht na nIarlaí

The First Plantations The main visible result of Queen Mary’s short reign was the attempted plantation of Leix and Offaly, which were shired under the names of King’s and Queen’s Counties, and granted during the Vice-royalty of Lord Sussex to sundry tenants, most of whom were “mere English,” but who were soon so ruined by the old inhabitants that many of them had relet their grants to the original Irish owners. –Library Ireland

The Cromwellian Settlement The execution of Charles I in 1649, on the orders of Oliver Cromwell, brought the English Civil War to an end. England became a Commonwealth or republic ruled by parliament with Cromwell as Lord Protector. Cromwell and his army of well trained and experienced soldiers, called Ironsides, came to Ireland in August 1649 with the intention of subduing the rebellion and stamping out all opposition to parliament. – by Catherine O’Donavan Clare Library

The Cromwellian Catastrophe in Ireland: an Historiographical Analysis (PDF) Despite the ‘relevance’ of its constituent motifs to the twentieth century,Cromwellian Ireland has traditionally been an unfashionable topic for historical research. This is primarily due to the fact that source material is scant, fragmented, and has always been a formidable impediment in research efforts. James Hampton, Queen’s University. –Gateway | An Academic History Journal on the Web: Spring 2003

Irish Confederate Wars The Irish rebellion Oliver Cromwell suppressed in 1649 was the later stage of an uprising that had been going on since 1641. On October 23, 1641, 40 years after the great rebellion of Hugh O’Neill, earl of Tyrone, the Irish rose in revolt, first in Ulster, then later in the rest of Ireland. About 3,000 English and Scottish settlers were killed in the initial uprising. –HistoryNet.com

The Battle of the Boyne
(Irish: Cath na Bóinne) was fought in 1690 between two rival claimants of the English, Scottish and Irish thrones – the Catholic King James and the Protestant King William, who had deposed James in 1688. The battle, won by William, was a turning point in James’ unsuccessful attempt to regain the crown and ultimately helped ensure the continuation of Protestant supremacy in Ireland. – Wikipedia

The Battle of the Boyne
James, a Roman Catholic, had lost the throne of England in the bloodless ‘Glorious Revolution‘ of 1688. William was Prince of Orange, a Dutch-speaking Protestant married to James’s daughter Mary, and became king at the request of parliament. – W3Perl Irish History

The Battle of the Boyne The Williamite army pitched camp at Tullyallen, on the high ground north of the river, on 30th June. In the evening, at a council of war, Schomberg, supported by some of the other generals, advocated an attack across the river at Oldbridge as a diversion, while the main army was concentrated upstream against the Jacobite left flank…. –OrangeNet

The Treaty of Limerick, 1691 Articles agreed upon the third day of October; one thousand six hundred and ninety-one, between the right honourable sir Charles Porter, knight, and Thomas Coningsby, esq., lords justices of Ireland, and his excellency the baron de Ginkel, lieutenant-general, and commander in chief of the English army, on the one part, and the right honourable Patrick earl of Lucan, Piercy viscount Galmoy, colonel Nicholas Purcel, colonel Nicholas Cusack, sir Toby Butler, colonel Garret Dillon, and colonel John Brown, on the other part, in the behalf of the Irish inhabitants in the city and county of Limerick, the counties of Clare, Kerry, Cork, Sligo, and Mayo: – CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

Rules and Constitution for the Continuation of Spiritual Exercises and Moral Conferences of All the Irish Priests and Schollars Dwelling Together or Separately in the City and Suburbs of Paris
[ca. 1680-84] Issued by Archbishop of Paris, Hardovinde Beaumont Perefixe, d. 1670; perhaps drawn up by John O’Molony, Lord Bishop of Kilallow. Concerns study at the College of Cluny and the College of St. Barbara at the University of Paris. – A series of images made available under a Creative Commons Licence by Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale

The Wild Geese As part of the Treaty of Limerick in 1691, the Irish forces of Patrick Sarsfield, who had fought the army of William of Orange to a standstill, were given the option of sailing to France to join the Stuart King, James II, in exile. –The Wild Geese.com

Wild Geese Heritage Museum and Library
The story of the Wild Geese who plotted new lives for themselves in other lands, and of many who died fighting each other in diverse armies and strange countries. In Memoriam Sean Ryan. –Wild Geese Heritage Museum and Library

Part of The Irish Famine Memorial Boston

The Williamite Penal Laws
Eighty percent of the population of Ireland, owning one third of the land, were Roman Catholics. All suffered from the Penal laws of 1697-1727. From the reign of Elizabeth I when the Church of England became the Established Church, there had been attempts made to eradicate Catholicism from the British Isles. Under William III this was enshrined in a series of laws that Edmund Burke described as ‘well-fitted for the oppression, impoverishment and degradation of a people as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man‘. –A Web of English History. Dr Marjorie Bloy

Laws in Ireland for the Suppression of Popery From the consolidation of English power in 1691 until well into the nineteenth century, religion was the gulf which divided the colonial rulers of Ireland from the native majority. – University of Minnesota Law Library

photo credit: debaird some rights reserved.

Irish Famine 1740–1741 The Irish Famine of 1740–1741 was perhaps of similar magnitude to the better-known Great Famine of 1845-1852. Unlike the famine of the 1840s, which was caused in part by a fungal infection in the potato crop, that of 1740-41 was due to extremely cold and then rainy weather in successive years, resulting in a series of poor harvests. Hunger compounded a range of fatal diseases. The cold and its effects extended across Europe, and it is now seen to be the last serious cold period at the end of the Little Ice Age of about 1400-1800. –Wikipedia

Edmund Burke 1729-1797. Edmund Burke was born in Dublin, January 12, educated at a Quaker boarding school and at Trinity College, Dublin. One of the foremost political thinkers of 18th century England, Burke died July 9, 1797, and was buried in a little church at Beaconsfield. –The History Guide.Steven Kreis

Edmund Burke: Reflections on The Revolution In France In a Letter Intended to Have Been Sent to a Gentleman in Paris –The Art Bin. Karl-Erik Tallmo

1760-1789 Overview In 1782 the Anglican minority’s campaign for greater political independence resulted in the establishment of what is often referred to as Grattan’s parliament after its main proponent, Henry Grattan. The limited political autonomy which this enjoyed was short-lived. Full, direct rule from Westminster was reimposed by the Act of Union of 1800, which took effect in 1801. – A Web of English History. Dr Marjorie Bloy

Land Holding in Ireland 1760-1880 Until about 1900 the greater part of the land in Ireland (97% in 1870) was owned by men who rented it out to tenant farmers rather than cultivating it themselves. As in England, the individual wealth of members of the land-owning class varied considerably, depending on the size, quality and location of properties. –A Web of English History. Dr Marjorie Bloy

Agrarian Rebels 1761-1791 Shortly after Earl Fitzwilliam took up office as lord lieutenant in 1795, he was shocked to discover that the Defenders, a militant Catholic secret society, were appearing every night in arms in County Meath.From The men of no property, Irish Radicals and Popular Politics in the Late Eighteenth Century, by Jim Smyth, 1992. –Sean McGoldrick’s 1798 site.

Chronology of 1798(Sources used in compilation of chronology: A new history of Ireland VIII. A chronology of Irish history to 1976. A companion to Irish history Part I, edited by TW Moody, FX Martin, FJ Byrne, 1982; The Man from God Knows Where. Thomas Russell, 1767-1803, Denis Carroll, 1995; Ireland in the age of Imperialism and Revolution, RB McDowell.) –Sean McGoldrick’s 1798 site.

The Battle of Antrim The Battle of Antrim was fought on June 7, 1798, during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 between British troops and Irish insurgents led by Henry Joy McCracken.–Wikipedia

Irish Rebellion of 1798 The Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Irish: Éirí Amach 1798; Scots: Turn Oot 1798), or 1798 rebellion as it is known locally, was an uprising in 1798, lasting several months, against the Kingdom of Ireland under George III of Great Britain. The United Irishmen, a republican revolutionary group influenced by the ideas of the American and French Revolutions, were the main organising force behind the rebellion. – Wikipedia

1798 Rebellion And Waterford The Rev. R.H. Ryland in his History of Waterford published in 1824 made the following comments on the period: ‘It was not until 1797 that they (United Irishmen) first made their appearance in the province of Munster. At this period they had increased to a most enormous force – Every exertion was used by them to seduce the soldiery of the different towns.‘ Willie Fraher. –Waterford County Museum.

United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland in April 1800, rumours flew through St. John’s, Newfoundland that up to 400 Irishmen had taken the secret oath of the Society of the United Irishmen. –Wikipedia

Humbert’s Army of Ireland, 1798 ‘After having obtained the greatest successes and made the arms of the French Republic triumph during my stay in Ireland, I have at length been obliged to submit to a superior force of 30,000 troops.‘ General Humbert’s Report to the French Directory after Ballinamuck. –Sean McGoldrick’s 1798 site

Original Declaration of the United Irishmen Declaration of the United Irishmenby Theobald Wolfe Tone WikiSource

The Irish Immigrant Community in Eighteenth-Century LondonIrish immigrants have formed an important part of the London population from at least the early seventeenth century, becoming particularly associated with seasonal labour, street selling, and the areas around St Giles in the Fields. Among the poor, Irish men and women formed a particularly large percentage. At the end of the eighteenth century, Matthew Martin found over a third of the 2000 beggars he interviewed were Irish. The Irish are very well represented in the Proceedings. –The Proceedings of the Old Bailey

Part of The Irish Famine Memorial Boston

Britain and Ireland, 1789-1801
The Irish could see that religious inequality had been abolished in France and that a democratic government had been set up. Irish Roman Catholics wanted equality; Irish Protestants wanted parliamentary reform. Both groups wanted economic reform.– The Victorian Web, Dr Bloy

The Origins of the Orange Order The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly in Northern Ireland and Scotland with lodges throughout the Commonwealth and the United States. –Wikipedia

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The DefendersThe Defenders were a militant, vigilante agrarian secret society in 18th century Ireland, who were involved in the United Irishmen rebellion of 1798. They originated in County Armagh in 1784, to protect Catholics from attack by the Protestant ‘Peep O’Day Boys‘. –Wikipedia

Defenderism in Leitrim in the 1790s The following is taken as exerpts from ‘Leitrim and the Croppies‘ by Gerard MacAtasney, 1998, published by Carrick-on-the-Shannon & District Historical Society, Carrick-on-the-Shannon, Co Leitrim. by Rev. Liam Kelly. – Michael McTiernan’s History of 8 Families website

The Scullabogue Massacre, 1798 Few events in modern Irish history, especially in the history of revolutionary nationalism, haunt the imagination like the massacre that took place in the townland of Scullabogue in southern County Wexford on June 5, 798. by Daniel Gahan. republished from History Ireland Autumn 1996 –part of Sean McGoldrick’s 1798 website.

Whitelaw’s 1798 Census of Dublin ‘Undeterred by the dread of infectious diseases, undismayed by degrees of filth, stench, and darkness inconceivable by those who have not experienced them, Revd William Whitelaw and his assistants explored, in the burning months of the summer of 1798, every room of these wretched habitations [of Dublin], from the cellar to the garret, and on the spot ascertained their population.‘ –part of Sean McGoldrick’s 1798 website

Part of The Irish Famine Memorial Boston

Ireland: politics and administration, 1815–1870 * 1. The Act of Union
* 2. Daniel O’Connell and emancipation
* 3. Electoral reform
* 4. The Orange Order and sectarian politics
* 6. The Poor Law
* 8. Young Ireland
* 9. Government responses to the Famine
* 10. Fenianism
* 11. Liberal reforms.
– Christine Kinealy Multitext Project in Irish History, UCC

Act of Union Virtual Library The Act of Union Virtual Library is a unique collection of pamphlets, newspapers, parliamentary papers and manuscript material contemporary with the 1800 Act of Union between Ireland and Britain. The entire content is searchable bibliographically, the search results displaying individual images that can be browsed by turning the pages of each virtual book or document. A free text search is provided for the pamphlets and parliamentary papers. – Project Director:Dr Paul Ell The Centre for Data Digitisation and Analysis School of Sociology and Social Policy The Queen’s University of Belfast

photo credit: debaird some rights reserved.

Laws in Ireland for the Suppression of Popery (the Penal Laws) From the consolidation of English power in 1691 until well into the nineteenth century, religion was the gulf which divided the colonial rulers of Ireland from the native majority. This sectarian division resulted from deliberate government policy. It reached into political, economic, and personal life, through a series of statutes known as the Penal Laws. This site contains the texts of these laws. © 2000 M. Patricia Schaffer –Minnesota Lawschool Library

Agricultural Conditions in Ireland, 1760-1880 Ireland remained basically agrarian although there was some industry in the north, but the woollen industry was taxed almost out of existence in the early Eighteenth Century; the linen industry’s development was controlled from London –The Age of George III. A Web of English History. Dr Marjorie Bloy

Observations On The State Of Waterford 1813 by John Christian Curwen 1756-1828 Curwen was a renowned agriculturalist and parliamentarian, born 12th July 1756 in Cumberland. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge but did not take a degree. He became MP for Carlisle in 1786, and held the seat until 1812, and again in 1816-20. He represented Cumberland from 1820 until his death. He supported Catholic emancipation, parliamentary reform, and the repeal of the corn laws. –Waterford County Museum

Biddy Early The Magical Lady of Clare.Born in 1798 in Faha, Kilanena, Biddy O’Connor was the daughter of a poor farming family. At sixteen, she was sent to Feakle to work as a servant girl and later to Kilbarron to work for a doctor Dunne. –Clare County Library

The campaign for Catholic Emancipation, 1823–1829 ‘The Catholic question’—political equality for Roman Catholics—was the most divisive issue in British domestic politics in the first thirty years of the nineteenth century. Such concessions aroused profound fears for the constitutional stability of the state and arose from a deep religious prejudice. However, the pressing need to pacify Ireland and a more liberal climate of opinion in England in the late 1820s ensured that any legislation would, in time, be pushed through. Gillian M. Doherty & Tomás O’Riordan –Multitext Project in Irish History, UCC

Justice for Ireland Speech, 1836 On February 4, 1836, O’Connell gave this speech in the House of Commons calling for equal justice. –Internet Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham University

Ireland: society and economy, 1815–1870 * 1. Ireland in 1815 * 2. Agriculture & living standards * 3. Agricultural crisis and industrial decline * 4. The collapse of the wool and cotton industries * 5. Pre-famine crisis? * 7. The Great Famine * 8. Did the British government do enough? * 9. Post-famine adjustment.
– Séan Connolly Multitext Project in Irish History